What is OPEC and how does it affect oil prices?
Explainer
Besides production cuts, OPEC+ is set to debate its members' production capacity figures this year – a historically contentious issue.
The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and allies including Russia are known collectively as OPEC and will meet on 2 June to discuss their joint oil production policy.
Below are key facts about OPEC and its role.
OPEC and OPEC
OPEC was founded in 1960 in Baghdad by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela with an aim of coordinating petroleum policies and securing fair and stable prices. Now it includes 12 countries, mainly from the Middle East and Africa, accounting for about 30% of the world's oil.
There have been some challenges to OPEC's influence over the years, often resulting in internal divisions. More recently, the global push towards cleaner energy sources and a move away from fossil fuels could ultimately diminish its dominance.
OPEC formed the so-called OPEC coalition with 10 of the world's leading non-OPEC oil exporters, including Russia, at the end of 2016.
OPEC crude output represents about 41% of global oil production. The group's main objective is to regulate the supply of oil to the global market. The leaders are Saudi Arabia and Russia, which produce and 9 million and 9.3 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil respectively.
Angola, which joined OPEC in 2007, quit the bloc at the start of this year, citing disagreements over production levels. Ecuador quit OPEC in 2020 and Qatar in 2019.
Oil price influence
OPEC says its member states' exports account for about 49% of global crude exports. The organisation estimates that its member countries hold about 80% of the world's proven oil reserves.
Because of its large market share, the decisions OPEC makes can affect global oil prices. Its members meet regularly to decide how much oil to sell on global markets.
As a result, when they lower supply in response to falling demand, oil prices tend to rise. Prices tend to fall when the group decides to supply more oil to the market.
The OPEC group is currently cutting output by 5.86 million bpd, equal to about 5.7% of global demand.
The cuts include 3.66 million bpd by OPEC members to the end of 2024. A further 2.2 million bpd of voluntary cuts by some members expire at the end of June.
The 2 June meeting could decide to extend voluntary cuts by several months, sources have told Reuters.
The voluntary cuts are led by Saudi Arabia with a cut of 1 million bpd.
Despite deep production cuts Brent crude prices are trading near their lowest this year at US$81 a barrel, down from a peak of US$91 in April, pressured by elevated stocks and concerns over global demand growth.
Impact on global economy
Some of the producer group's supply cuts have had significant effects on the global economy.
During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of OPEC imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for its decision to re-supply the Israeli military, as well as other countries that supported Israel. The embargo banned petroleum exports to those nations and introduced cuts in oil production.
The oil embargo pressured an already strained US economy that had grown dependent on imported oil. Oil prices jumped, causing high fuel costs for consumers and fuel shortages in the United States. The embargo also brought the United States and other countries to the brink of a global recession.
In 2020, during Covid-19 lockdowns around the world, crude oil prices slumped. After that development, OPEC reduced oil production by 10 million barrels a day, which is equivalent to about 10% of global production, to try to bolster prices.
Fuel prices are an important political subject in the United States, where a presidential election takes place this year, and have prompted Washington to make repeated calls on OPEC to release more oil.
OPEC says its job is to regulate supply and demand rather than prices. The group's members depend heavily on oil revenue, with Saudi Arabia's budget balancing at an oil price of between $90 and $100 a barrel, according to various estimates.
Capacity dilemma
Besides production cuts, OPEC is set to debate its members' production capacity figures this year – a historically contentious issue.
The group has tasked three independent companies – IHS, WoodMac and Rystad – to assess production capacity of all OPEC members by the end of June.
Capacity estimates help OPEC to establish baseline production figures from which cuts are made.
Member countries tend to fight for higher capacity estimates to gain a higher baseline and end up with higher production quotas after cuts are applied, and hence ultimately higher revenues.
The need for new quotas comes as members such as the United Arab Emirates and Iraq expand production capacity while the biggest OPEC producer, Saudi Arabia, has scaled back additions to its output potential.
OPEC member Russia has effectively had its production capacity reduced by the war in Ukraine and Western sanctions.
Members
The current members of OPEC are: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Venezuela.
Non-OPEC countries in the global alliance of OPEC are represented by Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Bahrain, Brunei, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, South Sudan and Sudan.
Below are key facts about OPEC and its role.
OPEC and OPEC
OPEC was founded in 1960 in Baghdad by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela with an aim of coordinating petroleum policies and securing fair and stable prices. Now it includes 12 countries, mainly from the Middle East and Africa, accounting for about 30% of the world's oil.
There have been some challenges to OPEC's influence over the years, often resulting in internal divisions. More recently, the global push towards cleaner energy sources and a move away from fossil fuels could ultimately diminish its dominance.
OPEC formed the so-called OPEC coalition with 10 of the world's leading non-OPEC oil exporters, including Russia, at the end of 2016.
OPEC crude output represents about 41% of global oil production. The group's main objective is to regulate the supply of oil to the global market. The leaders are Saudi Arabia and Russia, which produce and 9 million and 9.3 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil respectively.
Angola, which joined OPEC in 2007, quit the bloc at the start of this year, citing disagreements over production levels. Ecuador quit OPEC in 2020 and Qatar in 2019.
Oil price influence
OPEC says its member states' exports account for about 49% of global crude exports. The organisation estimates that its member countries hold about 80% of the world's proven oil reserves.
Because of its large market share, the decisions OPEC makes can affect global oil prices. Its members meet regularly to decide how much oil to sell on global markets.
As a result, when they lower supply in response to falling demand, oil prices tend to rise. Prices tend to fall when the group decides to supply more oil to the market.
The OPEC group is currently cutting output by 5.86 million bpd, equal to about 5.7% of global demand.
The cuts include 3.66 million bpd by OPEC members to the end of 2024. A further 2.2 million bpd of voluntary cuts by some members expire at the end of June.
The 2 June meeting could decide to extend voluntary cuts by several months, sources have told Reuters.
The voluntary cuts are led by Saudi Arabia with a cut of 1 million bpd.
Despite deep production cuts Brent crude prices are trading near their lowest this year at US$81 a barrel, down from a peak of US$91 in April, pressured by elevated stocks and concerns over global demand growth.
Impact on global economy
Some of the producer group's supply cuts have had significant effects on the global economy.
During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of OPEC imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for its decision to re-supply the Israeli military, as well as other countries that supported Israel. The embargo banned petroleum exports to those nations and introduced cuts in oil production.
The oil embargo pressured an already strained US economy that had grown dependent on imported oil. Oil prices jumped, causing high fuel costs for consumers and fuel shortages in the United States. The embargo also brought the United States and other countries to the brink of a global recession.
In 2020, during Covid-19 lockdowns around the world, crude oil prices slumped. After that development, OPEC reduced oil production by 10 million barrels a day, which is equivalent to about 10% of global production, to try to bolster prices.
Fuel prices are an important political subject in the United States, where a presidential election takes place this year, and have prompted Washington to make repeated calls on OPEC to release more oil.
OPEC says its job is to regulate supply and demand rather than prices. The group's members depend heavily on oil revenue, with Saudi Arabia's budget balancing at an oil price of between $90 and $100 a barrel, according to various estimates.
Capacity dilemma
Besides production cuts, OPEC is set to debate its members' production capacity figures this year – a historically contentious issue.
The group has tasked three independent companies – IHS, WoodMac and Rystad – to assess production capacity of all OPEC members by the end of June.
Capacity estimates help OPEC to establish baseline production figures from which cuts are made.
Member countries tend to fight for higher capacity estimates to gain a higher baseline and end up with higher production quotas after cuts are applied, and hence ultimately higher revenues.
The need for new quotas comes as members such as the United Arab Emirates and Iraq expand production capacity while the biggest OPEC producer, Saudi Arabia, has scaled back additions to its output potential.
OPEC member Russia has effectively had its production capacity reduced by the war in Ukraine and Western sanctions.
Members
The current members of OPEC are: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Venezuela.
Non-OPEC countries in the global alliance of OPEC are represented by Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Bahrain, Brunei, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, South Sudan and Sudan.
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